Consenso argentino en gestión efectiva de clínicas de anticoagulación para uso de antagonistas de la vitamina K / Argentine consensus in effective management of anticoagulation clinics for the use of vitamin K antagonists

Resumen El tratamiento de un paciente anticoagulado con antagonistas de la vitamina K (AVK) sigue siendo un desafío, especialmente en regiones donde, por el costo, los dicumarínicos son todavía la alternativa más buscada a la hora de elegir un anticoagulante oral. Las clínicas de anticoagulación han demostrado ser la forma más eficiente y segura de evitar complicaciones trombóticas y hemorrágicas y de mantener al paciente en rango óptimo de tratamiento. Sin embargo, requieren de una adecuada infraestructura y personal capacitado para que funcionen eficientemente. En este consenso argentino se propone una serie de parámetros para la gestión efectiva de una clínica de anticoagulación. El objetivo es lograr una elevada calidad desde el punto de vista clínico-asistencial a través de un laboratorio de hemostasia de excelencia. Los criterios desarrollados en el documento fueron consensuados por un amplio grupo de expertos especialistas en hematología y en bioquímica de todo el país. Estos criterios deben adaptarse a la irregular disponibilidad de recursos de cada centro, pero siempre se los debe tener en cuenta a la hora de indicar el tratamiento anticoagulante con estas drogas. Tener en consideración estas premisas nos permitirá optimizar la atención del enfermo anticoagulado con AVK y de esta forma minimizar las intercurrencias trombóticas y hemorrágicas a las que está expuesto, para así honrar nuestra promesa de no dañar al paciente.

Abstract Treating an anticoagulated patient with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) remains a challenge, especially in areas where dicoumarins are still the first drug of choice due to the cost of other oral anticoagulants. Anticoagulation clinics have proven to be the most efficient and safe way to avoid thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications and to keep patients in optimal treatment range. However, they require adequate infrastructure and trained personnel to work properly. In this Argentine consensus we propose a series of guidelines for the effective management of the anticoagulation clinics. The goal is to achieve the excellence in both the clinical healthcare and the hemostasis laboratory for the anticoagulated patient. The criteria developed in the document were agreed upon by a large group of expert specialists in hematology and biochemistry from all over the country. The criteria presented here must always be considered when indicating VKA although they had to be adapted to the unequal reality of each center. Taking these premises into consideration will allow us to optimize the management of the anticoagulated patient with VKA and thus minimize thrombotic and hemorrhagic intercurrences, in order to honor our promise not to harm the patient.

Current status and standards for establishment of hemodialysis units in Korea

The number of hemodialysis patients and dialysis facilities is increasing each year, but there are no surveillance programs validating that the services and equipment of each hemodialysis unit meet specified safety and quality standards. There is a concern that excessive competition and illegal activities committed by some dialysis facilities may violate patients' right to health. Contrastingly, developed countries often have their own survey program to provide initial certification and monitoring to ensure that these clinics continue to meet basic requirements. Because hemodialysis units provide renal replacement therapy to critical patients suffering from severe chronic renal failure, appropriate legal regulation is important for the provision of initial certification and maintenance of facility, equipment, and human resource quality. Therefore, several standards providing minimum requirements for the area of hemodialysis unit, equipment for emergency care, physician and nurse staffs, water purification and quality management are urgently needed.

Las unidades de hemodiálisis en México: una evaluación de sus características, procesos y resultados / An evaluation of the characteristics, processes and outcomes of hemodialysis units in Mexico

OBJETIVO. Evaluar las características, procesos y resultados, así como, la estructura de una muestra de unidades de hemodiálisis (UH) en México. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en 83 UH públicas y privadas del país. Las UH fueron estratificadas, de acuerdo con el puntaje obtenido, en cinco categorías: muy buena, buena, regular, mala y muy mala. Resultados. El 48 por ciento de las UH se clasificaron en las categorías mala y muy mala y atendieron 58 por ciento de los pacientes. El promedio de sesiones/paciente en los seis meses evaluados fue de 1.2 por semana. El 46.5 por ciento de las sesiones con determinación de Kt/V reportaron valores inferiores al valor recomendado (Kt/V≥1.2). En infraestructura, tres cuartas partes de las unidades obtuvieron puntajes menores a 70 por ciento. Conclusiones. La mitad de las unidades de hemodiálisis no cumplieron los criterios de proceso y resultado establecidos por el Consejo de Salubridad de la Secretaría de Salud.

OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the characteristics, processes, outcomes and structure of a sample of hemodialysis units (HU) in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Cross-sectional study in 83 public and private HU from the 32 states in Mexico. The HU were stratified, according to a score, in five categories: very good, good, regular, poor and very poor. RESULTS. 48 percent of the HU were classified as poor and very poor, and they granted medical attention to 58 percent of the patients. The average number of sessions per patient in the last six months assessed was 1.2 per week. 46.5 percent of the sessions with determination of Kt/V reported values inferior to the recommended value (Kt/ V≥1.2). 75 percent of the units scored less than 70 percent in infrastructure. CONCLUSIONS. Half of the HU did not fulfill the process and result criteria defined by the Consejo de Salubridad de la Secretaría de Salud.

Utilização de diretrizes clínicas e resultados na atenção básica à hipertensão arterial / Use of clinical guidelines and the results in primary healthcare for hypertension

Este estudo objetivou identificar estratégias facilitadoras da implantação de diretrizes clínicas de hipertensão arterial em uma unidade de atenção básica, focalizando os efeitos do Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) e do Programa Remédio em Casa na adesão dos profissionais e nos resultados assistenciais. Partiu-se de um cadastro com 5.499 pacientes hipertensos, estratificados segundo inscrição no PSF e no Programa Remédio em Casa. O procedimento de seleção aleatória adotado resultou em amostras de 150 prontuários em três estratos e um estrato (sem PSF e sem PRC) com somente 22 prontuários. Estatísticas descritivas e modelos de regressão linear foram obtidos, incorporando-se as informações estruturais do desenho da amostra utilizado (estratos e peso amostrais). A adesão às diretrizes clínicas, segundo registros nos prontuários, foi muito baixa. Esperava-se um efeito positivo das estratégias PSF e Programa Remédio em Casa na adesão às diretrizes clínicas e resultados assistenciais. Observou-se a tendência de um efeito positivo do Programa Remédio em Casa nos resultados assistenciais e um desempenho levemente favorável do PSF na adesão às diretrizes clínicas.

This study aimed to identify strategies to implement clinical guidelines for hypertension in a primary healthcare unit, focusing on the effects of the Family Health Program (FHP) and government Pharmaceutical Home Delivery Program (PHDP) on adherence to guidelines by health professionals and the results of care. The data were obtained from a registry of 5,499 hypertensive patients, stratified according to registration in the FHP and PHDP. The random selection procedure resulted in samples of 150 patient charts in three strata and one stratum (without the FHP or PHDP) with only 22 patient charts. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were obtained, incorporating the structural information from the sample design (sample strata and weight). Based on information recorded on the patient charts, adherence to clinical guidelines was extremely low. A positive effect had been expected from the FHP and PHDP in terms of adherence to clinical guidelines and results of care. A trend towards a positive effect was observed for the PHDP and a slightly favorable performance for the FHP for adherence to clinical guidelines.

Preliminary report on the validation of a questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with services at the Sickle Cell Unit in Jamaica / Reporte preliminar sobre la validación de un cuestionario para medir la satisfacción de los pacientes con respecto a los servicios de la Unidad de Anemia Falciforme en Jamaica

OBJECTIVE: Patient satisfaction has become an increasingly important component of quality assessment. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the psychometric properties of a Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire modified for use in the Sickle Cell Unit, Jamaica. METHODS: A total of 85 persons were interviewed. Construct validity, including exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability were assessed. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 11.5 for Windows) and Intercooled STATA (version 8.2). RESULTS: The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire modified for use in the Sickle Cell Unit demonstrated good internal reliability for the 'doctors', 'nurses', 'social worker' and 'facilities' subscales (Cronbach's a > 0.70). Exploratory factor analysis revealed only four of the seven 'specific' subscales retaining a single factor, namely the 'nurses', 'facilities', 'appointments'and 'social worker'subscales. Those who attended more frequently gave a statistically significant higher score for 'facilities' and lower score for 'nurses'. However there was no statistically significant difference in the mean scores by age, gender and genotype. The 'general satisfaction' subscale scores showed a significant positive correlation with scores for 'doctors', 'nurses', 'laboratory' and 'facilities' and 'appointments'. CONCLUSION: This preliminary report on the validation of the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire modified for use in the Sickle Cell Unit reveals it has the potential for serving as a useful tool in the assessment ofpatient satisfaction among sickle cell patients. However, further work is necessary on the instrument.

OBJETIVO: La satisfacción del paciente se ha convertido en un componente cada vez más importante de la evaluación de la calidad. Este estudio transversal se llevó a cabo a fin de evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de una Cuestionario de Satisfacción del Cliente, modificado para su uso en la Unidad de Anemia Falciforme, Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Se entrevistó un total de 85 personas. Se evaluó la validez del constructo, incluyendo el análisis exploratorio de factores y la confiabilidad interna. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando el SPSS (versión 11.5 para Windows) e Intercooled STATA (versión 8.2). RESULTADOS: El Cuestionario de Satisfacción del Cliente para uso en la Unidad de Anemia Falciforme demostró buena confiabilidad interna para las subescalas de 'doctores', 'enfermeras', 'trabajadores sociales'e 'instalaciones'(Cronbach: a > 0.70). El análisis exploratorio de factores reveló solamente cuatro de las siete subescalas "específicas" que retienen un solo factor, a saber, "enfermeras", "instalaciones ", "citas " y "trabajadores sociales ". Aquellos que asistían con mayor frecuencia, arrojaron - desde el punto de vista de las estadísticas - una puntuación significativamente más alta para las "instalaciones", y una puntuación más bajas para las "enfermeras ". Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas en las puntuaciones promedio por edad, género o genotipo. Las puntuaciones de subescala de la "satisfacción general" mostraron una correlación significativamente positiva con respecto a las puntuaciones para "doctores", "enfermeras", "laboratorio" e "instalaciones, y "citas". CONCLUSIÓN: Este reporte preliminar sobre la validación del Cuestionario de Satisfacción del Paciente, modificado para su uso en la Unidad de Anemia Falciforme, revela que esta Unidad tiene el potencial necesario para servir como instrumento útil a fin de evaluar el grado de satisfacción del servicio entre los pacientes de anemia falciforme. No obstante, el instrumento requiere ulterior elaboración.

Acesso universal? Obstáculos ao acesso, continuidade do uso e gênero em um serviço especializado em HIV/AIDS em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Universal access? Obstacles to access, continuity of treatment, and gender issues at a specialized HIV/AIDS clinic in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil

Desde 1996, o Brasil mantém políticas internacionalmente conhecidas como de acesso universal ao tratamento especializado em HIV/AIDS. Observa-se, que o impacto da iniciativa tem sido desigual entre diferentes populações e regiões brasileiras. Desde uma perspectiva de gênero, o estudo buscou avaliar o acesso a um serviço especializado em HIV/AIDS localizado em Salvador, Bahia, identificando fatores facilitadores e obstaculizadores ao acesso e continuidade do uso vivenciados por mulheres vivendo com HIV/AIDS. Foram realizadas observação participante e entrevistas semi e não estruturadas com 13 usuárias. Resultados indicaram que a organização das rotinas do serviço e as relações travadas entre usuários e entre eles e trabalhadores em saúde condicionavam-se por valores, concepções e práticas associados a gênero, classe e aparência. O acesso e continuidade do uso no Serviço de Atenção à AIDS de Salvador eram condicionados à disponibilidade de bens sociais e simbólicos; o serviço apresentava capacidade limitada de adequação às especificidades dos usuários. Os achados apontam para limitações da operacionalização das políticas de acesso universal; e reforçam a necessidade de estudos que considerem a noção de vulnerabilidade e regionalização da epidemia no Brasil.

Since 1996, Brazil has implemented internationally acknowledged policies such as universal access to specialized treatment for HIV/AIDS. However, the initiative's impact has been unequal if one compares different population segments and regions of the country. Taking a gender perspective, the current study seeks to evaluate access to a specialized HIV/AIDS service in Salvador, Bahia, identifying facilitating factors and obstacles to access and continuity of care, as experienced by women living with HIV/AIDS. Participant observation and semi-structured and open-ended interviews with 13 women were used. The findings indicate that the organization of routine work in the clinic and the relations between users and the service and the health staff were conditioned by values, concepts, and practices related to gender, class, and appearance. The access to (and continuity of) care in the HIV/AIDS Clinic in Salvador were gender-focused and conditioned on the availability of social and symbolic goods; the clinic showed a limited capacity to adjust to the users' specificities. The findings point to limitations in the operationalization of policies for universal access and reinforce the need for studies that consider the notion of vulnerability and regionalization of the epidemic in Brazil.

Perfil de sujeitos de pesquisa clínica em um centro ambulatorial independente / Profile of clinical research subjects in an independent outpatient center

Este artigo tem como objetivos avaliar a qualidade de atendimento de um centro de pesquisa clínica e o entendimento do termo de consentimento informado (TCLE); determinar os motivos da participação e detalhar níveis socioeconômicos. Foi feito um estudo transversal em centro de pesquisa ambulatorial, através de questionário auto-explicativo. Dos cem questionários avaliados, todos os sujeitos de pesquisa consideraram o centro como ótimo (86 por cento) ou bom (9 por cento). A quase totalidade foi bem informada do conteúdo do TCLE e o conhecimento do direito "confidencialidade", comum a todos os TCLEs, foi seis vezes maior que " acesso aos dados", que não faz parte. Os principais motivos para participarem foram para "saber mais sobre a sua saúde" (59 por cento) e para "beneficiar outras pessoas no futuro" (47 por cento). A principal faixa de renda salarial dos participantes foi entre dois e cinco salários mínimos (48 por cento) e a maioria (66 por cento) concluiu pelo menos até a 4º série do ensino fundamental. A população possui o mesmo perfil econômico do Rio de Janeiro, nível de escolaridade suficiente para assinar e compreender o que está assinando, conhecendo não só a existência do TCLE, mas demonstrando conhecer seu conteúdo. O motivo principal para participação é para autobenefício e por atitude altruísta.

This paper assesses the quality of assistance in a clinical trial outpatient center as well as the patients´understanding of the informed consent (IC); determine the reasons why they participate and detail socio-economic levels. A cross-sectional study was adopted in a clinical trial outpatient center using a self-explanatory questionnaire. All 100 respondents considered the assistance at the center excellent (86 percent) or good (9 percent). Almost all of them were well informed about the content of the IC. Their knowledge about the right to "confidentiality", present in all ICs, was 6 times higher than their knowledge about their right to "access the results", generally not included in the IC. The main reasons for participating were "to know more about ones health" (59 percent) and to "to benefit other people in the future" (47 percent). The participants´ income varied from 3 to 5 minimum wages (48 percent) and most (66 percent) concluded at least the 4th grade of basic education in Brazil. The subjects showed the economical characteristics of the average population of Rio de Janeiro. Their level of education allowed them to sign and to understand what they were signing. They were aware of the existence of the IC and its content. The main reason for participating was for one´s own benefit and for the benefit of others.

Niveles de eficiencia de las policlínicas de Matanzas, Cuba, según el método de análisis envolvente de datos / Efficiency of outpatient clinics in Matanzas, Cuba, using data envelopment analysis

OBJETIVOS: Determinar el índice de eficiencia de todas las policlínicas de la provincia de Matanzas, Cuba, identificar las unidades de mejor práctica y estimar las reservas de eficiencia de cada unidad. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva durante el primer trimestre de 2006 en las 40 policlínicas de la provincia de Matanzas, Cuba. Las policlínicas se agruparon según su nivel de complejidad y el nivel socioeconómico del municipio en el que se ubican. Se consideraron cinco indicadores de resultados y seis de recursos. Para los cálculos se empleó el análisis envolvente de datos y se asumieron el modelo de maximización de resultados y los supuestos de rendimientos constantes y variables a escala. RESULTADOS: La eficiencia relativa de las unidades estudiadas fue alta, con un valor medio de 0,95 ± 0,11. Once (27,5 por ciento) de las policlínicas estudiadas fueron ineficientes (0,77 ± 0,12). Las principales reservas para elevar la eficiencia fueron aumentar la detección de los casos de tuberculosis en la comunidad, reducir el índice de mortalidad infantil evitable y ampliar la cobertura de inmunización. En las 11 policlínicas ineficientes había holgura de recursos en al menos un indicador. CONCLUSIONES: La identificación de policlínicas de referencia permitió aportar elementos organizacionales que podrían contribuir a mejorar la eficiencia de las unidades deficientes. Debe revisarse el proceso de asignación de recursos para evitar el exceso de recursos innecesarios como vía para aumentar la eficiencia.

OBJECTIVES: To rate the efficiency of all the outpatient clinics in Matanzas, Cuba; identify the best-performing clinics; and find opportunities for improvement at the others. METHODS: A descriptive study of the 40 outpatient clinics in the province of Matanza was carried out during the first trimester of 2006. Clinics were grouped according to the complexity of services they offer and the socioeconomic level of the municipality in which they are located. Five output and six input variables were analyzed. Calculations were performed using data envelopment analysis, including optimization of results and constant and variable returns-to-scale. RESULTS: In general, the clinics studied had high efficiency rates, with a mean of 0.95 ± 0.11. Eleven (27.5 percent) clinics studied were rated inefficient (0.77 ± 0.12). The following Three key areas for improvement were identified: increasing tuberculosis detection rates in the community, reducing rates of preventable infant mortality, and expanding immunization coverage. Among the 11 clinics rated as inefficient, there were resource gaps in at least one indicator. CONCLUSIONS: By recognizing successful clinics, best practices were identified that could be used to improve the weaker clinics. The resource distribution process should be reviewed to ensure that additional, unneeded resources are not used to improve efficiency.

Readmisión hospitalaria en un centro ambulatorio quirúrgico / Readmission to an ambulatory surgery center

Introducción: La readmisión hospitalaria de pacientes ambulatorios se ha convertido en una importante medición de la calidad de un centro ambulatorio. Estudiando sus causas y los factores que la predisponen, evaluamos el objetivo principal del centro, los equipos profesionales y la organización operativa. La incidencia de readmisión en cirugía ambulatoria varía del 0,11 por ciento al 2,4 por ciento. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia, las causas y los factores predictivos de readmisión hospitalaria en cirugía ambulatoria. Material y métodos: Durante 9 años, se analizaron en forma retrospectiva y consecutiva todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía en un centro de atención ambulatoria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2495 pacientes ambulatorios. El índice de readmisión fue del 0,76 por ciento (19/2495 pacientes). Las causas de readmisión fueron divididas en cuatro categorías: quirúrgicas 42,10 por ciento, anestésicas 36,85 por ciento, falta de tiempo de recuperación 15,80 por ciento y sociales 5,25 por ciento. En el análisis multivariado, los factores predictivos independientes de readmisión hospitalaria, con significancia estadística fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, cirugía general y anestesia general [OR e IC95 por ciento 1,02, (1,02-1,03); 3,52, (1,24-9,97); y lO, (1,21-82,49), respectivamente]. Conclusión: La incidencia de readmisiones es baja y aceptable para una unidad quirúrgica ambulatoria. Las complicaciones que exigen el rápido traslado en ambulancia desde el quirófano hasta una unidad de cuidados intensivos de otra institución tienen una alta probabilidad de originar demandas legales, sea por su gravedad y también por la falta de contención de los familiares del paciente, quienes cuestionan abiertamente la capacidad operativa del centro ambulatorio en estos tipos de complicaciones.

Detection of the "small for gestational age" fetus: comparison of a teaching hospital with field clinics.

INTRODUCTION: Low birthweight babies make a disproportionate contribution to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Antenatally they manifest as "small for gestational age" fetuses. Their detection is an important aspect of antenatal care. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of antenatal detection of "small for gestational age", fetuses by a clinic in a teaching hospital and field clinics. DESIGN: Comparative descriptive study. SETTING: Professorial Obstetric Unit of De Soysa Maternity Hospital, Colombo. METHODS: Antenatal records of 67 consecutive women who delivered low birthweight babies at term were reviewed. Entries in the teaching hospital clinic records and the pregnancy record of the field clinics were studied. A deviation corresponding to more than two weeks' growth was considered significant. The period of gestation at which the deviation was first detected and any follow up action taken were noted. RESULTS: Of the total sample of 67 women 56 had also attended a field clinic. A significantly greater percentage of small for dates fetuses were detected by the primary care staff (71.4 vs 53.7%; p < 0.05). They also detected them earlier in pregnancy (26.4 vs 30.7 weeks; p < 0.05). However, referral for specialised care was arranged only in 32% by the field clinics. CONCLUSION: The detection rate of small for gestational age fetuses by staff of field clinics was close to the higher rates quoted in the literature. Only a minority of these fetuses were assessed further in both settings indicating a deficiency in antenatal care.

Improving diabetic patients' outcomes in family medicine in the United Arab Emirates

We evaluated a diabetic mini-clinic by assessing adherence to American Diabetes Association guidelines and changes in glycosylated haemoglobin levels. Of 1063 patients, 721 were multiple attenders. Single and multiple attenders showed no significant differences in age, sex, time since diagnosis or body mass index. Female and male multiple attenders showed significant declines in glycosylated haemoglobin levels over the first 12 and 18 months respectively. After 2 years, these levels were similar to those at entry to the clinic. The clinic's compliance with standard measurement guidelines was high. The diabetic mini-clinic model, which is effective in industrialized countries, was equally effective in this setting

Impact of a Mini-Clinic on Diabetic Care at a Primary Health Care Center in Southern Saudi Arabia

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a mini-clinic on the quality of diabetic care at a Primary Health Care Center in Aseer region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. All the files of diabetics in Wasat Abha Primary Health Care Center were reviewed at the end of 1997 for diabetic process based on a scoring system of 11 items. Diabetic outcomes were evaluated in accordance with Quality Assurance Protocol. Data of all the files was entered into and analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Relevant statistical tests were used. Files of 198 patients were evaluated, 61.6% were male, 90.4% were married, and 50% were educated. The mean duration of diabetes was 7.1 years. All the 11 items of diabetic process improved significantly except for measuring blood pressure, weight and cholesterol. However, the mean of the total score increased significantly from 5.7 points to 8.2 points [P=0.00]. The measured diabetic outcomes improved significantly for the provision of diabetic card, health education pamphlets, diabetic control and obesity. Ten% of the diabetics were found to have at least one complication. Diabetic retinopathy [8.4%], impotence [8.2%], and cardiovascular [3.6] were the most prevalent recorded complications. Establishment of diabetic mini-clinic at Wasat Abha Primary Health Care Center improved the process and the outcomes of diabetic care. Further large and countrywide studies are suggested to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such types of clinics on diabetic care

Quality of care in family planning clinics in Jamaica. Do clients and providers agree?

This paper uses data from 199 providers and 20 simulated clients collected at 50 public sector and Non Governmental Organization (NGO) health facilities islandwide in 1995 to compare the two groups' views on quality of care of family planning services. Each of the five components of quality of care studied can be improved in Jamaica. Nearly two-thirds of the simulated clients felt able to freely choose a contraceptive method; however, more adequate and appropriate information needs to be imparted to clients through improved counselling, including promotion of dual method use (against STD/HIV/AIDS and conception). The requirement that a woman must be menstruating to receive services has inadvertently resulted in many clients going away empty-handed (without counselling or condoms) when they visit family planning clinics. While providers generally treat clients well, training and service delivery practices need to be revised to improve the technical competence of providers. All of the providers would recommend these clinics to others, compared to a little over half of the simulated clients. Both the providers and simulated clients said that privacy should be strengthened, particularly in small facilities in rural areas. Many of these aspects of quality of care are being improved in Jamaica's public sector health facilities. Managers can learn more about quality of care by seeking the knowledge, opinions and experiences of both providers and clients.

Calidad de atencion y respeto a los derechos reproductivos en servicio de planificacion familiar / Quality of care and respect of reproductive rights in a center of family planning

El objetivo es establecer el nivel en la calidad de atencion ofrecido en los servicios de planificacion familiar. Determinar si la informacion y consejeria aportada en los servicios posibilita la adopcion de decisiones libres en cuanto al numero y espaciamiento de los hijos

Calidad de atención en la consulta ambulatoria del hospital del niño de la ciudad de La Paz en el segundo semestre de 1993 / Quality of attention in the ambulatory consultation of the children hospital's of the city of La Paz in the second semester of 1993

Los servicios de la han ido acumulando una enorme deuda social en la mayoría de los países de Latinoamérica, a consecuencia de una deficiente planificación y falta de cultura gerencial a nivel estatal, cuya manifestación se puede ver en las diferencias existente entre las necesidades de la población y la oferta real de servicios. En nuestro país, la desventajas a que se somete la población, desde la implementación del nuevo modelo económico iniciado con el D.S. 21060, han incrementado la situación de pobreza e inestabilidad labora en la mayoría de los hogares cuya influencia ha afectado al sector salud. Por lo tanto, la principal preocupación deberá ser reorientar la atención de salud hacia los individuos y sus problemas tal como ellos los perciben, tomando siempre en cuenta el desarrollo de la diferentes políticas y estrategias de salud implementadas. Dentro esa perspectiva, el objetivo proncipal para los profesionale en salud es: proporcionar a los pacientes una atención médica óptima y oportuna, dentro de los modelos de actuación ue se han fijado para la consecución de este objetivo, elaborándose programas, protocolos de diagn´sotico, tratamiento y otros instrumentos de administración, empero, aún así no se garantiza que esas estrategias se cumplan adecuadamente.